{"id":979,"date":"2021-09-13T14:59:40","date_gmt":"2021-09-13T11:59:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yazhukuk.com\/?p=979"},"modified":"2021-10-14T13:11:13","modified_gmt":"2021-10-14T10:11:13","slug":"makaleler-onemi-gozden-kacirilan-bir-kurum-aile-anayasasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yazhukuk.com\/?p=979","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6nemi G\u00f6zden Ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan Bir Kurum: Aile Anayasas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aile \u015eirketi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aile \u015firketi terimi, en genel tan\u0131m\u0131yla, paylar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ve y\u00f6netimi bir ailenin \u00fcyelerine ait olan \u015firketleri ifade etmektedir. En az iki ku\u015fak \u015firket b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta ve \u015firketin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle ailenin finansal gelece\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir rol te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Deloitte taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u201cAile \u015eirketlerinde S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n Anahtar\u0131<\/a>\u201d raporunda, aile \u015firketlerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki milli gelirin yakla\u015f\u0131k %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi, ku\u015faklara g\u00f6re oranlama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, ancak %2\u2019sinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ku\u015fak ve sonras\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir[1]<\/span><\/a>. D\u00fcnyadaki aile \u015firketleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da benzer oranlar s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

PwC taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u201c2021 Family Business Survey: US Findings<\/a>\u201d raporuna g\u00f6re, Amerika\u2019daki aile \u015firketlerinin yaln\u0131zca %34\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir halefiyet plan\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r[2]<\/span><\/a>. \u201c2016 PwC K\u00fcresel Aile \u015eirketleri Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131-T\u00fcrkiye Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d raporunda ise, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki aile \u015firketlerinin yaln\u0131zca %4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn etkin bir halefiyet plan\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir[3]<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da an\u0131lan veriler i\u015faret etmektedir ki, aile \u015firketlerinin ekonomik d\u00fczlemde kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hem g\u00fcncel durumlar\u0131n\u0131 korumalar\u0131 hem de gelecek ku\u015faklara sa\u011flam \u015fekilde aktar\u0131lmalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gereken \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi, aile \u00fcyelerinin birbirlerinin s\u00f6zlerine kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z g\u00fcvenmesi gerekti\u011fine, bu \u201cs\u00f6ze g\u00fcven\u201d yoksa aile ili\u015fkilerinin zay\u0131f oldu\u011funa dair inan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysaki aile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yoklu\u011fu ile belirlenemez. Burada \u00f6nemli olan, aileye s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 ama bir yandan da ondan tamamen ayr\u0131 bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan \u015firketin menfaatlerinin, aile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda do\u011fabilecek uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klardan ne \u015fekilde korunaca\u011f\u0131 hususudur. Keza aile \u015firketinin menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131, do\u011fal olarak aile \u00fcyelerinin de yarar\u0131na olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eirket kadar kompleks bir yap\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak tek unsur, belirliliktir. Bu belirlilik de ancak ve ancak hayat\u0131n farkl\u0131 parametreleri dikkate al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nabilir. Aile \u015firketleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu d\u00fczenleme, \u015firket esas s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yan\u0131nda, aile anayasas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sebeple i\u015fbu bilgi notunda, aile anayasas\u0131na dair en \u00e7ok sorulan sorular ve cevaplar\u0131 derlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Aile Anayasas\u0131 Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aile anayasas\u0131, aile \u015firketlerinin genel i\u015fleyi\u015fini ve gelece\u011fini belirli kurallar \u00e7er\u00e7evesine oturtmak amac\u0131yla imzalanan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraflar\u0131 genellikle aile \u015firketinde pay sahibi ve\/veya y\u00f6netici konumunda olan ki\u015filer olmakla beraber, bu de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p>\n

Aile Anayasas\u0131 Neden Gereklidir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aile, her ne kadar samimiyet ve s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011f kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rsa da esasen ileti\u015fimsizlik ve g\u00fcvensizlikten do\u011fan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n en \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurumlardan biridir. Aile anayasas\u0131 bu sebeple her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, aile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fim kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, \u015firketin gelecek ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131m\u0131na ve y\u00f6netimine dair ciddi bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u015firketin \u00e7ok daha stabil ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 temin edebilecek yegane ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aile Anayasas\u0131nda D\u00fczenlenebilecek Hususlar Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aile anayasas\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesi do\u011frultusunda, emredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine veya ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc husus d\u00fczenlenebilir. Bu kapsamda;<\/p>\n

(i) <\/strong>Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya aileye ili\u015fkin hususlar <\/strong>(Aile \u00fcyelerinin ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 planlanan \u00f6zellikler, aile al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, prensipler vb.),<\/p>\n

(ii) <\/strong>\u015eirket i\u015fleyi\u015fine ili\u015fkin konular <\/strong>(\u015eirketin vizyonu ve misyonu, aile \u00fcyelerinin \u015firkette istihdam edilme\/y\u00f6netici konumuna gelme ko\u015fullar\u0131 vb.),<\/p>\n

(iii) Evlenme yoluyla aileye kat\u0131lacak ki\u015filerle ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler <\/strong><\/p>\n

(iv) <\/strong>Halefiyet planlamas\u0131*,<\/strong><\/p>\n

(v) <\/strong>\u015eirket paylar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik h\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/strong> (\u00d6nal\u0131m, \u00f6ncelik, kat\u0131lma (tag-along)<\/em>, s\u00fcr\u00fckleme (drag-along) vb.<\/em>),<\/p>\n

(vi) <\/strong>Oy s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<\/strong> (Oylar\u0131n belirli bir y\u00f6nde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na veya kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar, \u015firket paylar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle beraber, paylar\u0131n yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etmektedir[4]<\/span><\/a>.)<\/p>\n

ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 konu, anayasaya dahil edilebilir.<\/p>\n

Aile Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aile anayasas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca anayasaya taraf olan ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir ili\u015fki yarat\u0131r, \u015firket t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fine do\u011frudan etki etmez. \u015eirketin aile anayasas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, anayasay\u0131 ayr\u0131ca imzalamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ancak bu \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tavsiye edilen bir durum de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Anayasan\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc, anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranan ki\u015filer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek tutarlarda cezai \u015fart \u00f6demesi yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile sa\u011flanabilir. Bu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin d\u00fczenlenmemesi halinde, anayasa, ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden ziyade centilmenlik anla\u015fmas\u0131na yakla\u015facak, bu da en temeldeki \u201c\u015firket menfaatlerini kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak koruma alt\u0131na alma\u201d amac\u0131ndan sapmas\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aile Anayasas\u0131nda \u015eirket ile Aile \u00dcyeleri Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130leti\u015fimi Kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran Kurumlar \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir Mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet. Genellikle;<\/p>\n